via access to fresh water and a proper diet.
is a more radical, deontological philosophy. It argues that animals, like humans, are "subjects-of-a-life" with their own inherent value, desires, and interests. The most fundamental of these interests is the right not to be treated as the property of others. Sex bestiality zoo horse - Young Indian Woman with Horse.mpg
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From a welfare perspective, a dairy cow can be part of a moral system, provided she has access to pasture, a comfortable barn, veterinary care, and a quick, painless slaughter at the end of her productive life. Similarly, a zoo can be ethical if it provides spacious, enriching enclosures that mimic an animal's natural habitat. The most fundamental of these interests is the
The globally recognized gold standard for animal welfare is the , originally formulated in the UK following a 1965 government report on livestock husbandry: